Turner syndrome (gonadal dysgenesis – 45,X) is a condition in which a female is partly or completely missing an X chromosome. Signs and symptoms Girl with Turner syndrome before and immediately after her operation for neck-webbing – Wikipedia Image Short stature Lymphedema of the hands and feet of a newborn Broad chest and widely spaced nipples […]

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare multisystem autoimmune disease. Typically, the upper and lower respiratory tract and the kidneys are affected, but it may affect any organs. Small vessel vasculitis granulomatous inflammation of vessels Signs and symptoms VASCULITIS: FEVER – MALAISE – WEIGHT LOSS – ARTHRALGIA/MYALGIA Recurrent respiratory infection in adults Sinusitis Epistaxis Otitis media Mastoiditis Rhinitis Nasal […]

Ranulas are  mucoceles that can be seen in the floor of the mouth results from an injury to the duct of salivary glands, usually the major salivary glands. Ranulas present as a swelling of connective tissue consisting of collected mucin. Ranulas may be asymptomatic. Treatment Incision and drainage Ranula excision Marsupialization Complete excision of the ranula with […]

Urinary Tract Infections are caused by bacteria in children. Infants, toddlers and younger children are more vulnerable to UTI if their urinary system is having structural abnormalities.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) – Abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters/kidneys. Bacteria in the lower urinary tract can easily be spread by reflux to the upper tract, leading to recurrent infection with potential scarring and renal dysfunction. Grading Grade I – reflux into non-dilated ureter (results in urine reflux into the ureter only) […]