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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Blood Cells Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Leukocytes are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Granulocytes are leukocytes that contain distinct granules in their cytoplasm, whereas agranulocytes not.

Granulocytes: Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil

Agranulocytes: Lymphocyte, Monocyte

Neutrophils

45%-70% – 2.0 – 7.5 x 10⁹/L

Multilobular nucleus
2-5 segments
Hypersegmented cells are seen in Megaloblastic anemia
Destroy foreign substance and microorganisms
Phagocytic.
Left shift is neutrophil precursor cells are increased in the blood flow.

Neutrophil

Increased In.. (Neutrophilila)

Bacterial, fungal Infections
Stress, Injuries, Burns, Surgery
Inflammation (MI, PN, gout, UC, CD)
Certain drugs (Steroids)
Excercise
Pregnancy

Decreased In.. (Neutropenia)

Viral Infections, some bacterial infections
CT Disease (Auto Immune): Neutrophil antibodies (SLE)
Chemotherapy
Drugs (Antimalarial, Quinidine..)
Leukemia

Lymphocytes

20%-40% – 1.5 – 4.5 x 10⁹/L

Types: NK cells, T Cells & B Cells
Large nucleus

Lymphocyte

Increased In..(Lymphocytosis)

Viral Infections
Leukemia
Lymphomas
Chronic infections
Autoimmune (Rheumatoid Arthritis)

Decreased In..(Lymphopenia)

Chemotherapy
Immunosuppressant (Glucocorticoid)
Renal Failure
Sarcoidosis
HIV/ AIDS

Eosinophils

0%-4% – 0.04 – 0.4 x 10⁹/L

Bilobed nucleus
Phagocytic
Destroy parasites and helminths
Associated with allergic reactions (e.g. asthma)
Contain peroxidase

Eosinophil

Increased In..

Asthma, Hay fever
Leukemia
Lymphomas
Parasites and helminths infestation
skin disease
Drug Hypersensitivity
Vasculitis

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)

Persistent eosinophilia for more than 6 weeks with end organ damage (heart, lungs, CNS, skin)

Monocytes

2%-10% – 0.2 – 0.8 x 10⁹/L

Irregular nucleus
Largest among leukocytes
Differentiate into Macrophages, dendritic cells
Cytoplasm has vacuoles

Monocyte

Increased In.. (Monocytosis)

Infection
Chronic Inflammation (CT Disease)
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Myelodysplasia

Decrease In..

Immunosuppressants (glucocorticoids)
Chemotherapy

Basophils

0%-2% – 0 – 0.1 x 10⁹/L

Contains Histamine, myeloperxidase
large cytoplasmic dense granules which obscure the nucleus
Parasitic infections and allergies
Found receptor for IgE
On binding with IgE histamine is released.

Basophil

Increased In..

IgE mediated Hypersensitive reactions
Inflammatory disorders
Myeloproliferative neoplasms

Decrease In..

Agranulocytosis

Diminish granulocytes in the blood.

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